1. According by Loretta Schorr,
paragraph are driven by topic sentences. All other sentences in a paragraph
elaborate on, explain, detail, prove, or define that topic sentence. It is
important to sequence the sentences in paragraph logically. In doing so, you
help your reader understand your message.
2. According by Betty Schramper Azar,
this formal sequence of tenses in noun clause is used in both speaking and
writing. However, sometimes in spoken English, no change is made in the noun
clause verb, especially if the speaker is reporting something immediately or
soon after it was said.
3. According by Dedi Irwansyah, the
sequences of tenses depends on what socalled logical sequences. The sequence
must be logical.
B. Explain
According by Betty Schramper Azar = formal sequence of
tenses in noun clause is used in both speaking and writing. However, sometimes
in spoken English, no change is made in the noun clause verb, especially if the
speaker is reporting something immediately or soon after it was said.
Immediate reporting: A:What did the
teacher just say? I didn’t hear him.
B: He said he wants us to read chapter six.
Later
reporting: A: I
didn’t go to class yesterday. Did Mr. Jones make any assignment
B: Yes. He
said he wanted us to read chapter six.
According by Dedi Irwansyah = The
sequences of tenses depends on what socalled logical sequences. The sequence
must be logical. For example, it is not logic to say “I went to Jakarta last
week, and I buy a new novel” ; the logical sequences is “I went to Jakarta last
week, and I bought a new nove”. It is possible to say, for example “I bought a
new novel last week. I am going to finish it today”. Thes, as long as the change
or the shift in tenses follows the logical sequences, it is acceptable.
Using verb tenses in sequence correctly is often difficult, especially for people
whose mother tongue is not English. The situation is further complicated by the
fact that context, idiom and style play as large a role in determining tense
sequence as do grammatical rules.
In order to determine the correct verb sequence, you
must be able to identify independent and dependent clauses. The sequence
of tenses in complex sentences is normally determined by the tense of the verb in the independent clause.
In compound sentences, the tense that fits the logic of the sentence should be used.
Present tenses in sequence
In general, present tenses may be followed by a wide variety of tenses as long as the sequence fits
the logic of the sentence.
The four present tenses are the simple present, present
progressive, present perfect and present perfect
progressive. When any of these tenses are
used in an independent clause, the verb in the dependent clause can be a
present tense, past tense or future tense verb, as in the following examples:
Joe waits patiently while Bridget books the tickets.
The simple present tense is used in both the independent clause (Joe
waits patiently) and the dependent clause (while Bridget books the
tickets).
· They have not delivered the documents we need.
The verb of the independent clause they have not delivered the documents
is in the present perfect tense, while the verb of the dependent clause we
need is in the simple present tense. The simple future could also be used in the dependent clause (we will need).
· Even though the coroner has beenexamining the corpse since early
this morning, we still do not know the cause of death.
In this sentence, the compound verb of the independent clause (we still
do not know the cause of death) is in the simple present tense. The simple
predicate of the dependent clause (even though the coroner has been
examining the corpse since early this morning) is in the present perfect
progressive tense (has been examining).
Past tenses in sequence
When the verb in an independent clause is in the past tense, the verb in
the dependent clause is normally in a past tense as well. The past tenses are
the simple past, past progressive, past perfect and past perfect
progressive.
The verb in the dependent clause should accurately reflect the temporal
relationship between the two clauses.
If the action in the dependent clause occurred before the action in the
independent clause, the past perfect is usually the most appropriate tense for
the dependent clause, as in the following examples:
· Miriam arrived at 5 p.m. but Whitaker had closed the store.
The action of the dependent clause (but Whitaker had closed the store)
is described with a past perfect tense (had closed) because the act of
closing took place before the act of arriving. The simple predicate of the
independent clause is in the simple past (arrived).
· After we located the restaurant that Christian had raved
about, we ate there every Friday.
Since the actions of the second dependent clause (that Christian had
raved about) precedes the other actions located and ate in
the sentence, the past perfect is the most appropriate verb tense.
· After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
In this example, the predicate of the dependent clause is in the past
perfect (had learned) because the act of learning preceded the act of
feeling independent
One of the most common reasons for verb sequence errors arises from the
confusion between the present perfect (has walked) and the past perfect
(had walked). Although both tenses convey a sense of something happening
in the past, the present perfect is categorized as a present tense verb.
D.Exercise
Number the sentences to create a logical sequence
for a paragraph. Number 1 should be your topic sentences.
a) There is much to be learned.
b) Can scientists engineer a gene to reverse
or arrest cancer by the year 2010?
c) Although, the HGP is now finised, scientists
will be analyzing the data for many years to come.
d) Will scientists discover a gene that stop
aging?
e) The new discoveries that scientist will
find in the future will chalenge our world.
f) Comparing human genes with those of other
organism will help scientists identify genes that are associated
with specific disease and traits.
g) For example, the sudy of genes will help
us learn about the common biology that all life shares.
Answer:
1. C
2. A
3. G
4. F
5. D
6. B
7. E
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